因果Matching or M.C 辨認 Paraphrase

Instant Translation

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How the effective translation is done is not all plain. That it is done is somewhat a wonder, given the enough lengthy period of interpreting, the degree of background noise and the awareness that major decision should depend on how precise the translation is required. Other consideration to be taken into account is such as the cultural background of the encoders and the decoders, that the interpreter should pay full attention to the difference between the source language and the targeted one.

The research is now beginning to look at these factors –to determine, just for instance, how far effective translation is affected by poor listening condition, or the speed the source language is being spoken. It seems that the speed reaching 110-130 words per minute is a relative comfortable rate for translating; with an input rate reaching 200 words, even a small increase in speed will seriously affect the accuracy of interpretation output. In another controlled study, when the rate increased to 158 words per minute (w.p.m.) or above, the amount correctly interpreted showed a conspicuous decline. From the result of that research, the increase of the rate will lead to more errors of omission, more vagueness replacing precision, mistranslation and even segment of meaning filtered out, especially as the translation load increases. These findings are very vital for improving the quality of international communication.

Question:
Which FOUR of the followings are the factors that affect translation?